Chords in Keys

Once you know the notes of a key, you can build the chords that belong to it. Each scale degree becomes the root of a triad by stacking 3ʳᵈs.

Example (C Major):
C–E–G = I
D–F–A = ii
E–G–B = iii

Continue this process from each scale degree to build all seven diatonic chords.

Roman Numerals

Roman numerals indicate both the scale degree and the quality of a chord.

• Uppercase = Major
• Lowercase = Minor
• Lowercase + ° = Augmented and Diminished

Major Key Pattern

IiiiiIVVvivii°
C MajorCmajDminEminFmajGmajAminBdim
Chord QualityMajorMinorMinorMajorMajorMinorDiminished
Intervals1-3-52-4-63-5-74-6-15-7-26-1-37-2-4

Each major key contains seven notes and seven diatonic chords—one built from each scale degree.

Major and minor triads both contain a perfect 5ᵗʰ. Their quality is determined by the 3ʳᵈ.

Example:
C–E–G = C Major
C–E♭–G = C Minor

Minor Keys

Minor keys follow a different Roman numeral pattern.

iii°IIIivvVIVII
C MinorCDE♭FGA♭B♭
Chord QualityMinorDiminishedMajorMinorMinorMajorMajor
Intervals1-♭3-52-4-♭6♭3-5-♭74-♭6-15-♭7-2♭6-1-♭3♭7-2-4

Watch the companion video below to learn how to identify the chords in a minor key using the Circle of Fourths.

Once you know the scale degree, you immediately know whether the diatonic chord is major, minor, or diminished.

Relative Keys

Relative major and minor keys contain the same notes and the same chords. They simply begin on different scale degrees.

The relative minor is built on the 6ᵗʰ degree (vi) of the major scale.

Examples:
C Major ↔ A Minor
G Major ↔ E Minor
D Major ↔ B Minor

Because the notes are identical, the chord qualities are also identical—the tonic simply changes.

Chords In Major Keys

I
Major
ii
Minor
iii
Minor
IV
Major
V
Major
vi
Minor
vii°
Dim
C-E-GD-F-AE-G-BF-A-CG-B-DA-C-EB-D-F
F-A-CG-B♭-DA-C-EB♭-D-FC-E-GD-F-AE-G-B♭
B♭-D-FC-E♭-GD-F-AE♭-G-B♭F-A-CG-B♭-DA-C-E♭
E♭-G-B♭F-A♭-CG-B♭-DA♭-C-E♭B♭-D-FC-E♭-GD-F-A♭
A♭-C-E♭B♭-D♭-FC-E♭-GD♭-F-A♭E♭-G-B♭F-A♭-CG-B♭-D♭
D♭-F-A♭E♭-G♭-B♭F-A♭-CG♭-B♭-D♭A♭-C-E♭B♭-D♭-FC-E♭-G♭
G♭-B♭-D♭A♭-C♭-E♭B♭-D♭-FC♭-E♭-G♭D♭-F-A♭E♭-G♭-B♭F-A♭-C♭
B-D♯-F♯C♯-E-G♯D♯-F♯-A♯E-G♯-BF♯-A♯-C♯G♯-B-D♯A♯-C♯-E
E-G♯-BF♯-A-C♯G♯-B-D♯A-C♯-EB-D♯-F♯C♯-E-G♯D♯-F♯-A
A-C♯-EB-D-F♯C♯-E-G♯D-F♯-AE-G♯-BF♯-A-C♯G♯-B-D
D-F♯-AE-G-BF♯-A-C♯G-B-DA-C♯-EB-D-F♯C♯-E-G
G-B-DA-C-EB-D-F♯C-E-GD-F♯-AE-G-BF♯-A-C

Chords In Minor Keys

Im
Minor
II°
Dim
♭III
Major
IVm
Minor
Vm
Minor
♭VI
Major
♭VII
Major
C-E♭-GD-F-A♭E♭-G-B♭F-A♭-CG-B♭-DA♭-C-E♭B♭-D-F
F-A♭-CG-B♭-D♭A♭-C-E♭B♭-D♭-FC-E♭-GD♭-F-A♭E♭-G-B♭
B♭-D♭-FC-E♭-G♭D♭-F-A♭E♭-G♭-B♭F-A♭-CG♭-B♭-D♭A♭-C-E♭
E♭-G♭-B♭F-A♭-C♭G♭-B♭-D♭A♭-C♭-E♭B♭-D♭-FC♭-E♭-G♭D♭-F-A♭
G♯-B-D♯A♯-C♯-EB-D♯-F♯C♯-E-G♯D♯-F♯-A♯E-G♯-BF♯-A♯-C♯
C♯-E-G♯D♯-F♯-AE-G♯-BF♯-A-C♯G♯-B-D♯A-C♯-EB-D♯-F♯
F♯-A-C♯G♯-B-DA-C♯-EB-D-F♯C♯-E-G♯D-F♯-AE-G♯-B
B-D-F♯C♯-E-GD-F♯-AE-G-BF♯-A-C♯G-B-DA-C♯-E
E-G-BF♯-A-CG-B-DA-C-EB-D-F♯C-E-GD-F♯-A
A-C-EB-D-FC-E-GD-F-AE-G-BF-A-CG-B-D
D-F-AE-G-B♭F-A-CG-B♭-DA-C-EB♭-D-FC-E-G
G-B♭-DA-C-E♭B♭-D-FC-E♭-GD-F-AE♭-G-B♭F-A-C